作者:清朝·刘开 ┋ 阅读:4602

君(jūn )子(zǐ )之(zhī )学(xué )必(bì )好(hǎo )问(wèn )。问(wèn )与(yǔ )学(xué )，相(xiàng )辅(fǔ )而(ér )行(háng )者(zhě )也(yě )。非(fēi )学(xué )无(wú )以(yǐ )致(zhì )疑(yí )，非(fēi )问(wèn )无(wú )以(yǐ )广(guǎng )识(shí )；好(hǎo )学(xué )而(ér )不(bú )勤(qín )问(wèn )，非(fēi )真(zhēn )能(néng )好(hǎo )学(xué )者(zhě )也(yě )。理(lǐ )明(míng )矣(yǐ )，而(ér )或(huò )不(bú )达(dá )于(yú )事(shì )；识(shí )其(qí )大(dà )矣(yǐ )，而(ér )或(huò )不(bú )知(zhī )其(qí )细(xì )，舍(shě )问(wèn )，其(qí )奚(xī )决(jué )焉(yān )？

贤(xián )于(yú )己(jǐ )者(zhě )，问(wèn )焉(yān )以(yǐ )破(pò )其(qí )疑(yí )，所(suǒ )谓(wèi )“就(jiù )有(yǒu )道(dào )而(ér )正(zhèng )”也(yě )。不(bú )如(rú )己(jǐ )者(zhě )，问(wèn )焉(yān )以(yǐ )求(qiú )一(yī )得(dé )，所(suǒ )谓(wèi )“以(yǐ )能(néng )问(wèn )于(yú )不(bú )能(néng )，以(yǐ )多(duō )问(wèn )于(yú )寡(guǎ )”也(yě )。等(děng )于(yú )己(jǐ )者(zhě )，问(wèn )焉(yān )以(yǐ )资(zī )切(qiē )磋(cuō )，所(suǒ )谓(wèi )交(jiāo )相(xiàng )问(wèn )难(nán )(nàn)，审(shěn )问(wèn )而(ér )明(míng )辨(biàn )之(zhī )也(yě )。《书(shū )》不(bú )云(yún )乎(hū )？“好(hǎo )问(wèn )则(zé )裕(yù )。”孟(mèng )子(zǐ )论(lùn )：“求(qiú )放(fàng )心(xīn )”，而(ér )并(bìng )称(chēng )曰(yuē )“学(xué )问(wèn )之(zhī )道(dào )”，学(xué )即(jí )继(jì )以(yǐ )问(wèn )也(yě )。子(zǐ )思(sī )言(yán )“尊(zūn )德(dé )性(xìng )”，而(ér )归(guī )于(yú )“道(dào )问(wèn )学(xué )”，问(wèn )且(qiě )先(xiān )于(yú )学(xué )也(yě )。

古(gǔ )之(zhī )人(rén )虚(xū )中(zhōng )乐(lè )善(shàn )，不(bú )择(zé )事(shì )而(ér )问(wèn )焉(yān )，不(bú )择(zé )人(rén )而(ér )问(wèn )焉(yān )，取(qǔ )其(qí )有(yǒu )益(yì )于(yú )身(shēn )而(ér )已(yǐ )。是(shì )故(gù )狂(kuáng )夫(fū )之(zhī )言(yán )，圣(shèng )人(rén )择(zé )之(zhī )，刍(chú )荛(ráo )(ráo)之(zhī )微(wēi )，先(xiān )民(mín )询(xún )之(zhī )，舜(shùn )以(yǐ )天(tiān )子(zǐ )而(ér )询(xún )于(yú )匹(pǐ )夫(fū )，以(yǐ )大(dà )知(zhī )而(ér )察(chá )及(jí )迩(ěr )言(yán )，非(fēi )苟(gǒu )为(wéi )谦(qiān )，诚(chéng )取(qǔ )善(shàn )之(zhī )弘(hóng )也(yě )。三(sān )代(dài )而(ér )下(xià )，有(yǒu )学(xué )而(ér )无(wú )问(wèn )，朋(péng )友(yǒu )之(zhī )交(jiāo )，至(zhì )于(yú )劝(quàn )善(shàn )规(guī )过(guò )足(zú )矣(yǐ )，其(qí )以(yǐ )义(yì )理(lǐ )相(xiàng )咨(zī )访(fǎng )，孜(zī )孜(zī )焉(yān )唯(wéi )进(jìn )修(xiū )是(shì )急(jí )，未(wèi )之(zhī )多(duō )见(jiàn )也(yě )，况(kuàng )流(liú )俗(sú )乎(hū )？

是(shì )己(jǐ )而(ér )非(fēi )人(rén )，俗(sú )之(zhī )同(tóng )病(bìng )。学(xué )有(yǒu )未(wèi )达(dá )，强(qiáng )以(yǐ )为(wéi )知(zhī )；理(lǐ )有(yǒu )未(wèi )安(ān )，妄(wàng )以(yǐ )臆(yì )度(dù )。如(rú )是(shì )，则(zé )终(zhōng )身(shēn )几(jǐ )无(wú )可(kě )问(wèn )之(zhī )事(shì )。贤(xián )于(yú )己(jǐ )者(zhě )，忌(jì )之(zhī )而(ér )不(bú )愿(yuàn )问(wèn )焉(yān )；不(bú )如(rú )己(jǐ )者(zhě )，轻(qīng )之(zhī )而(ér )不(bú )屑(xiè )问(wèn )焉(yān )；等(děng )于(yú )己(jǐ )者(zhě )，狎(xiá )（xiá）之(zhī )而(ér )不(bú )甘(gān )问(wèn )焉(yān )，如(rú )是(shì )，则(zé )天(tiān )下(xià )几(jǐ )无(wú )可(kě )问(wèn )之(zhī )人(rén )。人(rén )不(bú )足(zú )服(fú )矣(yǐ )，事(shì )无(wú )可(kě )疑(yí )矣(yǐ )，此(cǐ )唯(wéi )师(shī )心(xīn )自(zì )用(yòng )耳(ěr )。夫(fū )自(zì )用(yòng )，其(qí )小(xiǎo )者(zhě )也(yě )；自(zì )知(zhī )其(qí )陋(lòu )而(ér )谨(jǐn )护(hù )其(qí )失(shī )，宁(níng )使(shǐ )学(xué )终(zhōng )不(bú )进(jìn )，不(bú )欲(yù )虚(xū )以(yǐ )下(xià )人(rén )，此(cǐ )为(wéi )害(hài )于(yú )心(xīn )术(shù )者(zhě )大(dà )，而(ér )蹈(dǎo )之(zhī )者(zhě )常(cháng )十(shí )之(zhī )八(bā )九(jiǔ )。

不(bú )然(rán )，则(zé )所(suǒ )问(wèn )非(fēi )所(suǒ )学(xué )焉(yān )：询(xún )天(tiān )下(xià )之(zhī )异(yì )文(wén )鄙(bǐ )事(shì )以(yǐ )快(kuài )言(yán )论(lùn )；甚(shèn )且(qiě )心(xīn )之(zhī )所(suǒ )已(yǐ )明(míng )者(zhě )，问(wèn )之(zhī )人(rén )以(yǐ )试(shì )其(qí )能(néng )，事(shì )之(zhī )至(zhì )难(nán )解(jiě )者(zhě )，问(wèn )之(zhī )人(rén )以(yǐ )穷(qióng )其(qí )短(duǎn )。而(ér )非(fēi )是(shì )者(zhě )，虽(suī )有(yǒu )切(qiē )于(yú )身(shēn )心(xīn )性(xìng )命(mìng )之(zhī )事(shì )，可(kě )以(yǐ )收(shōu )取(qǔ )善(shàn )之(zhī )益(yì )，求(qiú )一(yī )屈(qū )己(jǐ )焉(yān )而(ér )不(bú )可(kě )得(dé )也(yě )。嗟(jiē )乎(hū )！学(xué )之(zhī )所(suǒ )以(yǐ )不(bú )能(néng )几(jǐ )(jī)于(yú )古(gǔ )者(zhě )，非(fēi )此(cǐ )之(zhī )由(yóu )乎(hū )？

且(qiě )夫(fū )不(bú )好(hǎo )问(wèn )者(zhě )，由(yóu )心(xīn )不(bú )能(néng )虚(xū )也(yě )；心(xīn )之(zhī )不(bú )虚(xū )，由(yóu )好(hǎo )学(xué )之(zhī )不(bú )诚(chéng )也(yě )。亦(yì )非(fēi )不(bú )潜(qián )心(xīn )专(zhuān )力(lì )之(zhī )敌(dí )，其(qí )学(xué )非(fēi )古(gǔ )人(rén )之(zhī )学(xué )，其(qí )好(hǎo )亦(yì )非(fēi )古(gǔ )人(rén )之(zhī )好(hǎo )也(yě )，不(bú )能(néng )问(wèn )宜(yí )也(yě )。

智(zhì )者(zhě )千(qiān )虑(lǜ )，必(bì )有(yǒu )一(yī )失(shī )。圣(shèng )人(rén )所(suǒ )不(bú )知(zhī )，未(wèi )必(bì )不(bú )为(wéi )愚(yú )人(rén )之(zhī )所(suǒ )知(zhī )也(yě )；愚(yú )人(rén )之(zhī )所(suǒ )能(néng )，未(wèi )必(bì )非(fēi )圣(shèng )人(rén )之(zhī )所(suǒ )不(bú )能(néng )也(yě )。理(lǐ )无(wú )专(zhuān )在(zài )，而(ér )学(xué )无(wú )止(zhǐ )境(jìng )也(yě )，然(rán )则(zé )问(wèn )可(kě )少(shǎo )耶(yē )？《周(zhōu )礼(lǐ )》，外(wài )朝(cháo )以(yǐ )询(xún )万(wàn )民(mín )，国(guó )之(zhī )政(zhèng )事(shì )尚(shàng )问(wèn )及(jí )庶(shù )人(rén )，是(shì )故(gù )贵(guì )可(kě )以(yǐ )问(wèn )贱(jiàn )，贤(xián )可(kě )以(yǐ )问(wèn )不(bú )肖(xiāo )，而(ér )老(lǎo )可(kě )以(yǐ )问(wèn )幼(yòu )，唯(wéi )道(dào )之(zhī )所(suǒ )成(chéng )而(ér )已(yǐ )矣(yǐ )。

孔(kǒng )文(wén )子(zǐ )不(bú )耻(chǐ )下(xià )问(wèn )，夫(fū )子(zǐ )贤(xián )之(zhī )。古(gǔ )人(rén )以(yǐ )问(wèn )为(wéi )美(měi )德(dé )，而(ér )并(bìng )不(bú )见(jiàn )其(qí )有(yǒu )可(kě )耻(chǐ )也(yě )，后(hòu )之(zhī )君(jūn )子(zǐ )反(fǎn )争(zhēng )以(yǐ )问(wèn )为(wéi )耻(chǐ )，然(rán )则(zé )古(gǔ )人(rén )所(suǒ )深(shēn )耻(chǐ )者(zhě )，后(hòu )世(shì )且(qiě )行(háng )之(zhī )而(ér )不(bú )以(yǐ )为(wéi )耻(chǐ )者(zhě )多(duō )矣(yǐ )，悲(bēi )夫(fū )！

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