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(小(xiǎo )学(xué )，小(xiǎo )学(xué ))

1.对(duì )儿(ér )童(tóng )、少(shǎo )年(nián )实(shí )施(shī )初(chū )等(děng )教(jiāo )育(yù )的(de )学(xué )校(xiào )。我(wǒ )国(guó )西(xī )周(zhōu )即(jí )有(yǒu )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，此(cǐ )前(qián )则(zé )名(míng )曰(yuē )下(xià )庠(xiáng )、西(xī )序(xù )、左(zuǒ )学(xué )等(děng )，其(qí )后(hòu )亦(yì )名(míng )称(chēng )不(bú )一(yī )。官(guān )学(xué )如(rú )四(sì )门(mén )小(xiǎo )学(xué )、内(nèi )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，私(sī )学(xué )如(rú )书(shū )馆(guǎn )、乡(xiāng )塾(shú )。近(jìn )代(dài )小(xiǎo )学(xué )始(shǐ )于(yú )19世(shì )纪(jì )末(mò )。

《大(dà )戴(dài )礼(lǐ )记(jì )·保(bǎo )傅(fù )》“古(gǔ )者(zhě )年(nián )八(bā )岁(suì )而(ér )出(chū )就(jiù )外(wài )舍(shě )，学(xué )小(xiǎo )艺(yì )焉(yān )，履(lǚ )小(xiǎo )节(jiē )焉(yān )”北(běi )周(zhōu )卢(lú )辩(biàn )注(zhù )：“小(xiǎo )学(xué )，谓(wèi )虎(hǔ )闱(wéi )师(shī )保(bǎo )之(zhī )学(xué )也(yě )……《白(bái )虎(hǔ )通(tōng )》曰(yuē )：八(bā )岁(suì )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，十(shí )五(wǔ )入(rù )大(dà )学(xué )是(shì )也(yě )。此(cǐ )太(tài )子(zǐ )之(zhī )礼(lǐ )。

《尚(shàng )书(shū )大(dà )传(chuán )》曰(yuē )：公(gōng )卿(qīng )之(zhī )太(tài )子(zǐ )，大(dà )夫(fū )元(yuán )士(shì )嫡(dí )子(zǐ )，年(nián )十(shí )三(sān )始(shǐ )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，见(jiàn )小(xiǎo )节(jiē )而(ér )履(lǚ )小(xiǎo )义(yì )；二(èr )十(shí )而(ér )入(rù )大(dà )学(xué )，见(jiàn )大(dà )节(jiē )而(ér )践(jiàn )大(dà )义(yì )。此(cǐ )世(shì )子(zǐ )入(rù )学(xué )之(zhī )期(qī )也(yě )。又(yòu )曰(yuē )：十(shí )五(wǔ )年(nián )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，十(shí )八(bā )入(rù )大(dà )学(xué )者(zhě )，谓(wèi )诸(zhū )子(zǐ )性(xìng )晚(wǎn )成(chéng )者(zhě )，至(zhì )十(shí )五(wǔ )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，其(qí )早(zǎo )成(chéng )者(zhě )，十(shí )八(bā )入(rù )大(dà )学(xué )。

《内(nèi )则(zé )》曰(yuē )：十(shí )年(nián )出(chū )就(jiù )外(wài )傅(fù )，居(jū )宿(xiǔ )于(yú )外(wài )，学(xué )书(shū )计(jì )者(zhě )，谓(wèi )公(gōng )卿(qīng )以(yǐ )下(xià )教(jiāo )子(zǐ )于(yú )家(jiā )也(yě )。”

宋(sòng )朱(zhū )熹(xī )《＜大(dà )学(xué )章(zhāng )句(jù )＞序(xù )》：“人(rén )生(shēng )八(bā )岁(suì )，则(zé )自(zì )王(wáng )公(gōng )之(zhī )下(xià )，至(zhì )庶(shù )人(rén )之(zhī )子(zǐ )弟(dì )，皆(jiē )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，而(ér )教(jiāo )之(zhī )以(yǐ )洒(sǎ )扫(sǎo )、应(yīng )对(duì )、进(jìn )退(tuì )之(zhī )节(jiē )，礼(lǐ )、乐(lè )、射(shè )、御(yù )、书(shū )、数(shù )之(zhī )文(wén )。”

沉(chén )从(cóng )文(wén )《从(cóng )文(wén )自(zì )传(chuán )·辛(xīn )亥(hài )革(gé )命(mìng )的(de )一(yī )课(kè )》：“民(mín )三(sān )左(zuǒ )右(yòu )地(dì )方(fāng )新(xīn )式(shì )小(xiǎo )学(xué )成(chéng )立(lì )，民(mín )四(sì )我(wǒ )进(jìn )了(le )新(xīn )式(shì )小(xiǎo )学(xué )。”

2.汉(hàn )代(dài )称(chēng )文(wén )字(zì )学(xué )为(wéi )小(xiǎo )学(xué )。因(yīn )儿(ér )童(tóng )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )先(xiān )学(xué )文(wén )字(zì )，故(gù )名(míng )。

隋(suí )唐(táng )以(yǐ )后(hòu )为(wéi )文(wén )字(zì )学(xué )、训(xùn )诂(gǔ )学(xué )、音(yīn )韵(yùn )学(xué )之(zhī )总(zǒng )称(chēng )。

《汉(hàn )书(shū )·艺(yì )文(wén )志(zhì )》：“古(gǔ )者(zhě )八(bā )岁(suì )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，故(gù )《周(zhōu )官(guān )》保(bǎo )氏(shì )掌(zhǎng )养(yǎng )国(guó )子(zǐ )，教(jiāo )之(zhī )六(liù )书(shū )，谓(wèi )象(xiàng )形(xíng )、象(xiàng )事(shì )、象(xiàng )意(yì )、象(xiàng )声(shēng )、转(zhuǎn )注(zhù )、假(jiǎ )借(jiè )，造(zào )字(zì )之(zhī )本(běn )也(yě )。”

《隋(suí )书(shū )·经(jīng )籍(jí )志(zhì )》始(shǐ )以(yǐ )有(yǒu )关(guān )研(yán )究(jiū )文(wén )字(zì )、训(xùn )诂(gǔ )、音(yīn )韵(yùn )着(zhe )作(zuò )备(bèi )于(yú )小(xiǎo )学(xué )。

鲁(lǔ )迅(xùn )《书(shū )信(xìn )集(jí )·致(zhì )曹(cáo )聚(jù )仁(rén )》：“太(tài )炎(yán )先(xiān )生(shēng )曾(céng )教(jiāo )我(wǒ )小(xiǎo )学(xué )。”

3.犹(yóu )小(xiǎo )道(dào )。谓(wèi )琐(suǒ )屑(xiè )之(zhī )学(xué )。

《陈(chén )书(shū )·傅(fù )縡(zēng )传(chuán )》：“顷(qǐng )代(dài )浇(jiāo )薄(báo )，时(shí )无(wú )旷(kuàng )士(shì )，苟(gǒu )习(xí )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，以(yǐ )化(huà )蒙(méng )心(xīn )，渐(jiàn )染(rǎn )成(chéng )俗(sú )，遂(suí )迷(mí )正(zhèng )路(lù )。”

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