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(乡(xiāng )学(xué )，乡(xiāng )学(xué ))

I

1.古(gǔ )代(dài )地(dì )方(fāng )学(xué )校(xiào )，与(yǔ )“国(guó )学(xué )”相(xiàng )别(bié )。

周(zhōu )代(dài )特(tè )指(zhǐ )六(liù )乡(xiāng )州(zhōu )党(dǎng )的(de )学(xué )校(xiào )。

《汉(hàn )书(shū )·食(shí )货(huò )志(zhì )上(shàng )》：“八(bā )岁(suì )入(rù )小(xiǎo )学(xué )，学(xué )六(liù )甲(jiǎ )五(wǔ )方(fāng )书(shū )计(jì )之(zhī )事(shì )，始(shǐ )知(zhī )室(shì )家(jiā )长(zhǎng )幼(yòu )之(zhī )节(jiē )。十(shí )五(wǔ )入(rù )大(dà )学(xué )，学(xué )先(xiān )圣(shèng )礼(lǐ )乐(lè )，而(ér )知(zhī )朝(cháo )廷(tíng )君(jūn )臣(chén )之(zhī )礼(lǐ )。其(qí )有(yǒu )秀(xiù )异(yì )者(zhě )，移(yí )乡(xiāng )学(xué )于(yú )庠(xiáng )序(xù )；庠(xiáng )序(xù )之(zhī )异(yì )者(zhě )，移(yí )国(guó )学(xué )于(yú )少(shǎo )学(xué )。”

《礼(lǐ )记(jì )·乡(xiāng )饮(yǐn )酒(jiǔ )义(yì )》“主(zhǔ )人(rén )拜(bài )迎(yíng )宾(bīn )于(yú )庠(xiáng )门(mén )之(zhī )外(wài )”汉(hàn )郑(zhèng )玄(xuán )注(zhù )：“庠(xiáng )，乡(xiāng )学(xué )也(yě )。”

《孟(mèng )子(zǐ )·滕(téng )文(wén )公(gōng )上(shàng )》“设(shè )为(wéi )庠(xiáng )序(xù )学(xué )校(xiào )以(yǐ )教(jiāo )之(zhī )，庠(xiáng )者(zhě )养(yǎng )也(yě )，校(xiào )者(zhě )教(jiāo )也(yě )，序(xù )者(zhě )射(shè )也(yě )。

夏(xià )曰(yuē )校(xiào )，殷(yīn )曰(yuē )序(xù )，周(zhōu )曰(yuē )庠(xiáng )”宋(sòng )朱(zhū )熹(xī )集(jí )注(zhù )：“庠(xiáng )以(yǐ )养(yǎng )老(lǎo )为(wéi )义(yì )，校(xiào )以(yǐ )教(jiāo )民(mín )为(wéi )义(yì )，序(xù )以(yǐ )习(xí )射(shè )为(wéi )义(yì )，皆(jiē )乡(xiāng )学(xué )也(yě )。”

2.指(zhǐ )乡(xiāng )村(cūn )学(xué )塾(shú )。

《二(èr )刻(kè )拍(pāi )桉(ān )惊(jīng )奇(qí )》卷(juàn )一(yī )：“内(nèi )中(zhōng )有(yǒu )一(yī )个(gè )教(jiāo )乡(xiāng )学(xué )假(jiǎ )斯(sī )文(wén )的(de )，姓(xìng )黄(huáng )号(hào )丹(dān )山(shān )。”

II

谓(wèi )向(xiàng )慕(mù )学(xué )问(wèn )。乡(xiāng )，通(tōng )“向(xiàng )”。

《史(shǐ )记(jì )·儒(rú )林(lín )列(liè )传(chuán )》：“是(shì )时(shí )张(zhāng )汤(tāng )方(fāng )乡(xiāng )学(xué )，以(yǐ )﹝儿(ér )宽(kuān )﹞为(wéi )奏(zòu )谳(yàn )掾(yuàn )，以(yǐ )古(gǔ )法(fǎ )议(yì )决(jué )疑(yí )大(dà )狱(yù )，而(ér )爱(ài )幸(xìng )宽(kuān )。”

《汉(hàn )书(shū )·叙(xù )传(chuán )上(shàng )》：“时(shí )上(shàng )方(fāng )乡(xiāng )学(xué )，郑(zhèng )宽(kuān )中(zhōng )、张(zhāng )禹(yǔ )朝(cháo )夕(xī )入(rù )说(shuō )《尚(shàng )书(shū )》、《论(lùn )语(yǔ )》于(yú )金(jīn )华(huá )殿(diàn )中(zhōng )，诏(zhào )伯(bó )（班(bān )伯(bó )）受(shòu )焉(yān )。”

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