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I

1.指(zhǐ )结(jié )党(dǎng )营(yíng )私(sī )的(de )行(háng )为(wéi )。

《书(shū )·洪(hóng )范(fàn )》：“凡(fán )厥(jué )庶(shù )民(mín )无(wú )有(yǒu )淫(yín )朋(péng )，人(rén )无(wú )有(yǒu )比(bǐ )德(dé )，惟(wéi )皇(huáng )作(zuò )极(jí )。”

孔(kǒng )传(chuán )：“民(mín )有(yǒu )安(ān )中(zhōng )之(zhī )善(shàn )，则(zé )无(wú )淫(yín )过(guò )朋(péng )党(dǎng )之(zhī )恶(è )、比(bǐ )周(zhōu )之(zhī )德(dé )。”

蔡(cài )沉(chén )集(jí )传(chuán )：“比(bǐ )德(dé )，私(sī )相(xiàng )比(bǐ )附(fù )也(yě )。”

2.同(tóng )心(xīn )同(tóng )德(dé )。

《国(guó )语(yǔ )·晋(jìn )语(yǔ )八(bā )》：“君(jūn )子(zǐ )比(bǐ )而(ér )不(bú )别(bié )。比(bǐ )德(dé )以(yǐ )赞(zàn )事(shì )，比(bǐ )也(yě )。”

《楚(chǔ )辞(cí )·大(dà )招(zhāo )》：“比(bǐ )德(dé )好(hǎo )间(jiān )，习(xí )以(yǐ )都(dōu )只(zhī )。”

王(wáng )夫(fū )之(zhī )通(tōng )释(shì )：“比(bǐ )德(dé )，同(tóng )心(xīn )。”

《孔(kǒng )丛(cóng )子(zǐ )·记(jì )义(yì )》：“昔(xī )者(zhě )虢(guó )叔(shū )、闳(hóng )夭(yāo )、太(tài )颠(diān )、散(sàn )宜(yí )生(shēng )，南(nán )宫(gōng )括(kuò )五(wǔ )臣(chén )，同(tóng )寮(liáo )比(bǐ )德(dé )，以(yǐ )赞(zàn )文(wén )武(wǔ )。”

II

谓(wèi )德(dé )行(háng )、德(dé )教(jiāo )可(kě )与(yǔ )之(zhī )比(bǐ )拟(nǐ )、比(bǐ )配(pèi )。

《礼(lǐ )记(jì )·玉(yù )藻(zǎo )》：“君(jūn )子(zǐ )于(yú )玉(yù )比(bǐ )德(dé )焉(yān )。”

《史(shǐ )记(jì )·商(shāng )君(jūn )列(liè )传(chuán )》：“故(gù )吾(wú )以(yǐ )彊(jiāng )国(guó )之(zhī )术(shù )说(shuō )君(jūn )，君(jūn )大(dà )说(shuō )之(zhī )耳(ěr )，然(rán )亦(yì )难(nán )以(yǐ )比(bǐ )德(dé )于(yú )殷(yīn )周(zhōu )矣(yǐ )。”

《后(hòu )汉(hàn )书(shū )·杨(yáng )震(zhèn )传(chuán )》：“拟(nǐ )踪(zōng )往(wǎng )古(gǔ )，比(bǐ )德(dé )哲(zhé )王(wáng )。”

明(míng )何(hé )景(jǐng )明(míng )《玉(yù )冈(gāng )黔(qián )国(guó )地(dì )种(zhǒng )竹(zhú )》诗(shī )：“比(bǐ )德(dé )亮(liàng )无(wú )瑕(xiá )，抱(bào )节(jiē )诚(chéng )可(kě )久(jiǔ )。”

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