作者:两汉·贾谊 ┋ 阅读:13672

秦(qín )并(bìng )兼(jiān )诸(zhū )侯(hóu )山(shān )东(dōng )三(sān )十(shí )余(yú )郡(jùn )，缮(shàn )津(jīn )关(guān )，据(jù )险(xiǎn )塞(sāi )，修(xiū )甲(jiǎ )兵(bīng )而(ér )守(shǒu )之(zhī )。然(rán )陈(chén )涉(shè )以(yǐ )戍(shù )卒(zú )散(sàn )乱(luàn )之(zhī )众(zhòng )数(shù )百(bǎi )，奋(fèn )臂(bì )大(dà )呼(hū )，不(bú )用(yòng )弓(gōng )戟(jǐ )之(zhī )兵(bīng )，鉏(chú )耰(yōu )白(bái )梃(tǐng )，望(wàng )屋(wū )而(ér )食(shí )，横(héng )行(háng )天(tiān )下(xià )。秦(qín )人(rén )阻(zǔ )险(xiǎn )不(bú )守(shǒu )，关(guān )梁(liáng )不(bú )阖(hé )，长(zhǎng )戟(jǐ )不(bú )刺(cì )，强(qiáng )弩(nǔ )不(bú )射(shè )。楚(chǔ )师(shī )深(shēn )入(rù )，战(zhàn )于(yú )鸿(hóng )门(mén )，曾(céng )无(wú )藩(fān )篱(lí )之(zhī )艰(jiān )。于(yú )是(shì )山(shān )东(dōng )大(dà )扰(rǎo )，诸(zhū )侯(hóu )并(bìng )起(qǐ )，豪(háo )俊(jùn )相(xiàng )立(lì )。秦(qín )使(shǐ )章(zhāng )邯(hán )将(jiāng )而(ér )东(dōng )征(zhēng )，章(zhāng )邯(hán )因(yīn )其(qí )三(sān )军(jūn )之(zhī )众(zhòng )要(yào )市(shì )于(yú )外(wài )，以(yǐ )谋(móu )其(qí )上(shàng )。群(qún )臣(chén )之(zhī )不(bú )信(xìn )，可(kě )见(jiàn )于(yú )此(cǐ )矣(yǐ )。子(zǐ )婴(yīng )立(lì )，遂(suí )不(bú )寤(wù )。藉(jiè )使(shǐ )子(zǐ )婴(yīng )有(yǒu )庸(yōng )主(zhǔ )之(zhī )材(cái )，仅(jǐn )得(dé )中(zhōng )佐(zuǒ )，山(shān )东(dōng )虽(suī )乱(luàn )，三(sān )秦(qín )之(zhī )地(dì )可(kě )全(quán )而(ér )有(yǒu )，宗(zōng )庙(miào )之(zhī )祀(sì )宜(yí )未(wèi )绝(jué )也(yě )。

秦(qín )地(dì )被(bèi )山(shān )带(dài )河(hé )以(yǐ )为(wéi )固(gù )，四(sì )塞(sāi )之(zhī )国(guó )也(yě )。自(zì )缪(miù )公(gōng )以(yǐ )来(lái )，至(zhì )于(yú )秦(qín )王(wáng )，二(èr )十(shí )余(yú )君(jūn )，常(cháng )为(wéi )诸(zhū )侯(hóu )雄(xióng )。此(cǐ )岂(qǐ )世(shì )贤(xián )哉(zāi )？其(qí )势(shì )居(jū )然(rán )也(yě )。且(qiě )天(tiān )下(xià )尝(cháng )同(tóng )心(xīn )并(bìng )力(lì )攻(gōng )秦(qín )矣(yǐ )，当(dāng )此(cǐ )之(zhī )世(shì )，贤(xián )智(zhì )并(bìng )列(liè )，良(liáng )将(jiāng )行(háng )其(qí )师(shī )，贤(xián )相(xiàng )通(tōng )其(qí )谋(móu )，然(rán )困(kùn )于(yú )阻(zǔ )险(xiǎn )而(ér )不(bú )能(néng )进(jìn )，秦(qín )乃(nǎi )延(yán )入(rù )战(zhàn )而(ér )为(wéi )之(zhī )开(kāi )关(guān )，百(bǎi )万(wàn )之(zhī )徒(tú )逃(táo )北(běi )而(ér )遂(suí )坏(huài )。岂(qǐ )勇(yǒng )力(lì )智(zhì )慧(huì )不(bú )足(zú )哉(zāi )？形(xíng )不(bú )利(lì )，势(shì )不(bú )便(biàn )也(yě )。秦(qín )小(xiǎo )邑(yì )并(bìng )大(dà )城(chéng )，守(shǒu )险(xiǎn )塞(sāi )而(ér )军(jūn )，高(gāo )垒(lěi )毋(wú )战(zhàn )，闭(bì )关(guān )据(jù )厄(è )，荷(hé )戟(jǐ )而(ér )守(shǒu )之(zhī )。诸(zhū )侯(hóu )起(qǐ )于(yú )匹(pǐ )夫(fū )，以(yǐ )利(lì )合(hé )，非(fēi )有(yǒu )素(sù )王(wáng )之(zhī )行(háng )也(yě )。其(qí )交(jiāo )未(wèi )亲(qīn )，其(qí )下(xià )未(wèi )附(fù )，名(míng )曰(yuē )亡(wáng )秦(qín )，其(qí )实(shí )利(lì )之(zhī )也(yě )。彼(bǐ )见(jiàn )秦(qín )阻(zǔ )之(zhī )难(nán )犯(fàn )也(yě )，必(bì )退(tuì )师(shī )。案(àn )土(tǔ )息(xī )民(mín )，以(yǐ )待(dài )其(qí )敝(bì )，收(shōu )弱(ruò )扶(fú )罢(bà )，以(yǐ )令(lìng )大(dà )国(guó )之(zhī )君(jūn )，不(bú )患(huàn )不(bú )得(dé )意(yì )于(yú )海(hǎi )内(nèi )。贵(guì )为(wéi )天(tiān )子(zǐ )，富(fù )有(yǒu )四(sì )海(hǎi )，而(ér )身(shēn )为(wéi )禽(qín )者(zhě )，其(qí )救(jiù )败(bài )非(fēi )也(yě )。

秦(qín )王(wáng )足(zú )己(jǐ )而(ér )不(bú )问(wèn )，遂(suí )过(guò )而(ér )不(bú )变(biàn )。二(èr )世(shì )受(shòu )之(zhī )，因(yīn )而(ér )不(bú )改(gǎi )，暴(bào )虐(nuè )以(yǐ )重(zhòng )祸(huò )。子(zǐ )婴(yīng )孤(gū )立(lì )无(wú )亲(qīn )，危(wēi )弱(ruò )无(wú )辅(fǔ )。三(sān )主(zhǔ )惑(huò )而(ér )终(zhōng )身(shēn )不(bú )悟(wù )，亡(wáng )，不(bú )亦(yì )宜(yí )乎(hū )？当(dāng )此(cǐ )时(shí )也(yě )，世(shì )非(fēi )无(wú )深(shēn )虑(lǜ )知(zhī )化(huà )之(zhī )士(shì )也(yě )，然(rán )所(suǒ )以(yǐ )不(bú )敢(gǎn )尽(jìn )忠(zhōng )拂(fú )过(guò )者(zhě )，秦(qín )俗(sú )多(duō )忌(jì )讳(huì )之(zhī )禁(jìn )，忠(zhōng )言(yán )未(wèi )卒(zú )于(yú )口(kǒu )而(ér )身(shēn )为(wéi )戮(lù )没(méi )矣(yǐ )。故(gù )使(shǐ )天(tiān )下(xià )之(zhī )士(shì )，倾(qīng )耳(ěr )而(ér )听(tīng )，重(zhòng )足(zú )而(ér )立(lì )，拑(qián )口(kǒu )而(ér )不(bú )言(yán )。是(shì )以(yǐ )三(sān )主(zhǔ )失(shī )道(dào )，而(ér )忠(zhōng )臣(chén )不(bú )谏(jiàn )，智(zhì )士(shì )不(bú )谋(móu )也(yě )。天(tiān )下(xià )已(yǐ )乱(luàn )，奸(jiān )不(bú )上(shàng )闻(wén )，岂(qǐ )不(bú )哀(āi )哉(zāi )！

先(xiān )王(wáng )知(zhī )雍(yōng )蔽(bì )之(zhī )伤(shāng )国(guó )也(yě )，故(gù )置(zhì )公(gōng )卿(qīng )、大(dà )夫(fū )、士(shì )，以(yǐ )饰(shì )法(fǎ )设(shè )刑(xíng )，而(ér )天(tiān )下(xià )治(zhì )。其(qí )强(qiáng )也(yě )，禁(jìn )暴(bào )诛(zhū )乱(luàn )而(ér )天(tiān )下(xià )服(fú )；其(qí )弱(ruò )也(yě )，五(wǔ )伯(bó )征(zhēng )而(ér )诸(zhū )侯(hóu )从(cóng )；其(qí )削(xuē )也(yě )，内(nèi )守(shǒu )外(wài )附(fù )而(ér )社(shè )稷(jì )存(cún )。故(gù )秦(qín )之(zhī )盛(shèng )也(yě )，繁(fán )法(fǎ )严(yán )刑(xíng )而(ér )天(tiān )下(xià )振(zhèn )；及(jí )其(qí )衰(shuāi )也(yě )，百(bǎi )姓(xìng )怨(yuàn )望(wàng )而(ér )海(hǎi )内(nèi )畔(pàn )矣(yǐ )。故(gù )周(zhōu )五(wǔ )序(xù )得(dé )其(qí )道(dào )，而(ér )千(qiān )余(yú )岁(suì )不(bú )绝(jué )；秦(qín )本(běn )末(mò )并(bìng )失(shī )，故(gù )不(bú )能(néng )长(zhǎng )。由(yóu )是(shì )观(guān )之(zhī )，安(ān )危(wēi )之(zhī )统(tǒng )相(xiàng )去(qù )远(yuǎn )矣(yǐ )。

野(yě )谚(yàn )曰(yuē )：“前(qián )事(shì )之(zhī )不(bú )忘(wàng )，后(hòu )事(shì )之(zhī )师(shī )也(yě )。”是(shì )以(yǐ )君(jūn )子(zǐ )为(wéi )国(guó )，观(guān )之(zhī )上(shàng )古(gǔ )，验(yàn )之(zhī )当(dāng )世(shì )，参(cān )之(zhī )人(rén )事(shì )，察(chá )盛(shèng )衰(shuāi )之(zhī )理(lǐ )，审(shěn )权(quán )势(shì )之(zhī )宜(yí )，去(qù )就(jiù )有(yǒu )序(xù )，变(biàn )化(huà )因(yīn )时(shí )，故(gù )旷(kuàng )日(rì )长(zhǎng )久(jiǔ )而(ér )社(shè )稷(jì )安(ān )矣(yǐ )。

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