里甲
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明(míng )州(zhōu )县(xiàn )统(tǒng )治(zhì )的(de )基(jī )层(céng )单(dān )位(wèi );后(hòu )转(zhuǎn )为(wéi )明(míng )三(sān )大(dà )徭(yáo )役(yì )(里(lǐ )甲(jiǎ )、均(jūn )徭(yáo )、杂(zá )泛(fàn ))名(míng )称(chēng )之(zhī )一(yī )。
《明(míng )史(shǐ )·食(shí )货(huò )志(zhì )一(yī )》:“洪(hóng )武(wǔ )十(shí )四(sì )年(nián ),诏(zhào )天(tiān )下(xià )编(biān )赋(fù )役(yì )黄(huáng )册(cè ),以(yǐ )一(yī )百(bǎi )十(shí )户(hù )为(wéi )一(yī )里(lǐ ),推(tuī )丁(dīng )粮(liáng )多(duō )者(zhě )十(shí )户(hù )为(wéi )长(zhǎng ),馀(yú )百(bǎi )户(hù )为(wéi )十(shí )甲(jiǎ ),甲(jiǎ )凡(fán )十(shí )人(rén )。岁(suì )役(yì )里(lǐ )长(zhǎng )一(yī )人(rén ),甲(jiǎ )首(shǒu )一(yī )人(rén ),董(dǒng )一(yī )里(lǐ )一(yī )甲(jiǎ )之(zhī )事(shì )。先(xiān )后(hòu )以(yǐ )丁(dīng )粮(liáng )多(duō )寡(guǎ )为(wéi )序(xù ),凡(fán )十(shí )年(nián )一(yī )周(zhōu ),曰(yuē )‘排(pái )年(nián )’……每(měi )十(shí )年(nián )有(yǒu )司(sī )更(gèng )定(dìng )其(qí )册(cè ),以(yǐ )丁(dīng )粮(liáng )增(zēng )减(jiǎn )而(ér )升(shēng )降(jiàng )之(zhī )。”起(qǐ )初(chū )里(lǐ )长(zhǎng )、甲(jiǎ )首(shǒu )负(fù )责(zé )传(chuán )达(dá )公(gōng )事(shì )、催(cuī )徵(zhēng )税(shuì )粮(liáng );以(yǐ )后(hòu )官(guān )府(fǔ )聚(jù )敛(liǎn )繁(fán )苛(kē ),凡(fán )祭(jì )祀(sì )、宴(yàn )飨(xiǎng )、营(yíng )造(zào )、馈(kuì )送(sòng )等(děng )费(fèi ),都(dōu )要(yào )里(lǐ )甲(jiǎ )供(gòng )应(yīng )。
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