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(同(tóng )异(yì )，同(tóng )异(yì ))

1.战(zhàn )国(guó )时(shí )名(míng )家(jiā )惠(huì )施(shī )提(tí )出(chū )的(de )名(míng )辩(biàn )论(lùn )题(tí )，认(rèn )为(wéi )事(shì )物(wù )中(zhōng )存(cún )在(zài )小(xiǎo )同(tóng )异(yì )和(hé )大(dà )同(tóng )异(yì )两(liǎng )种(zhǒng )。人(rén )们(men )对(duì )不(bú )同(tóng )事(shì )物(wù )的(de )认(rèn )识(shí )有(yǒu )一(yī )致(zhì )的(de )和(hé )不(bú )一(yī )致(zhì )的(de )，这(zhè )种(zhǒng )认(rèn )识(shí )上(shàng )的(de )同(tóng )或(huò )异(yì )，为(wéi )小(xiǎo )同(tóng )异(yì )；而(ér )万(wàn )物(wù )具(jù )有(yǒu )完(wán )全(quán )相(xiàng )同(tóng )的(de )一(yī )面(miàn )，即(jí )都(dōu )离(lí )不(bú )开(kāi )存(cún )亡(wáng )变(biàn )化(huà )，又(yòu )有(yǒu )完(wán )全(quán )相(xiàng )异(yì )的(de )一(yī )面(miàn )，即(jí )各(gè )自(zì )的(de )变(biàn )化(huà )又(yòu )不(bú )一(yī )样(yàng )，此(cǐ )为(wéi )大(dà )同(tóng )异(yì )。

《庄(zhuāng )子(zǐ )·天(tiān )下(xià )》：“﹝惠(huì )施(shī )曰(yuē )﹞大(dà )同(tóng )而(ér )与(yǔ )小(xiǎo )同(tóng )异(yì )，此(cǐ )之(zhī )谓(wèi )小(xiǎo )同(tóng )异(yì )；万(wàn )物(wù )毕(bì )同(tóng )毕(bì )异(yì )，此(cǐ )之(zhī )谓(wèi )大(dà )同(tóng )异(yì )。”

成(chéng )玄(xuán )英(yīng )疏(shū )：“物(wù )情(qíng )分(fèn )别(bié )，见(jiàn )有(yǒu )同(tóng )异(yì )，此(cǐ )小(xiǎo )同(tóng )异(yì )也(yě )。死(sǐ )生(shēng )交(jiāo )谢(xiè )，寒(hán )暑(shǔ )递(dì )迁(qiān )，形(xíng )性(xìng )不(bú )同(tóng )，体(tǐ )理(lǐ )无(wú )异(yì )，此(cǐ )大(dà )同(tóng )异(yì )也(yě )。”参(cān )见(jiàn )“坚(jiān )白(bái )同(tóng )异(yì )”。

2.相(xiàng )同(tóng )与(yǔ )不(bú )同(tóng )。

《礼(lǐ )记(jì )·曲(qǔ )礼(lǐ )上(shàng )》：“夫(fū )礼(lǐ )者(zhě )，所(suǒ )以(yǐ )定(dìng )亲(qīn )疏(shū )、决(jué )嫌(xián )疑(yí )、别(bié )同(tóng )异(yì )、明(míng )是(shì )非(fēi )也(yě )。”

北(běi )齐(qí )颜(yán )之(zhī )推(tuī )《颜(yán )氏(shì )家(jiā )训(xùn )·音(yīn )辞(cí )》：“后(hòu )有(yǒu )扬(yáng )雄(xióng )着(zhe )《方(fāng )言(yán )》，其(qí )言(yán )大(dà )备(bèi )，然(rán )皆(jiē )考(kǎo )名(míng )物(wù )之(zhī )同(tóng )异(yì )，不(bú )显(xiǎn )声(shēng )读(dú )之(zhī )是(shì )非(fēi )也(yě )。”

3.指(zhǐ )同(tóng )于(yú )世(shì )与(yǔ )不(bú )同(tóng )于(yú )世(shì )；同(tóng )于(yú )己(jǐ )与(yǔ )不(bú )同(tóng )于(yú )己(jǐ )。

宋(sòng )苏(sū )轼(shì )《谢(xiè )苏(sū )自(zì )之(zhī )惠(huì )酒(jiǔ )》诗(shī )：“不(bú )如(rú )同(tóng )异(yì )两(liǎng )俱(jù )冥(míng )，得(dé )鹿(lù )亡(wáng )羊(yáng )等(děng )嬉(xī )戏(xì )。”

清(qīng )纪(jì )昀(yún )《阅(yuè )微(wēi )草(cǎo )堂(táng )笔(bǐ )记(jì )·滦(luán )阳(yáng )消(xiāo )夏(xià )录(lù )四(sì )》：“此(cǐ )辈(bèi )结(jié )党(dǎng )营(yíng )私(sī )，朋(péng )求(qiú )进(jìn )取(qǔ )，以(yǐ )同(tóng )异(yì )为(wéi )爱(ài )恶(è )，以(yǐ )爱(ài )恶(è )为(wéi )是(shì )非(fēi )。”

4.谓(wèi )差(chà )异(yì )，不(bú )同(tóng )。

《新(xīn )唐(táng )书(shū )·张(zhāng )行(háng )成(chéng )传(chuán )》：“尝(cháng )侍(shì )宴(yàn )，帝(dì )语(yǔ )山(shān )东(dōng )及(jí )关(guān )中(zhōng )人(rén )，意(yì )有(yǒu )同(tóng )异(yì )。

行(háng )成(chéng )曰(yuē )：‘天(tiān )子(zǐ )四(sì )海(hǎi )为(wéi )家(jiā )，不(bú )容(róng )以(yǐ )东(dōng )西(xī )为(wéi )限(xiàn )，是(shì )示(shì )人(rén )以(yǐ )隘(ài )矣(yǐ )。’帝(dì )称(chēng )善(shàn )。”

宋(sòng )赵(zhào )与(yǔ )时(shí )《宾(bīn )退(tuì )录(lù )》卷(juàn )三(sān )：“盖(gài )晋(jìn )史(shǐ )凡(fán )十(shí )八(bā )家(jiā )，而(ér )唐(táng )人(rén )修(xiū )书(shū )又(yòu )出(chū )于(yú )二(èr )十(shí )一(yī )人(rén )之(zhī )手(shǒu )，岂(qǐ )无(wú )同(tóng )异(yì )耶(yē )？”

5.异(yì )议(yì )。亦(yì )指(zhǐ )立(lì )异(yì )议(yì )。

《三(sān )国(guó )志(zhì )·魏(wèi )志(zhì )·袁(yuán )涣(huàn )传(chuán )》“父(fù )滂(pāng )，为(wéi )汉(hàn )司(sī )徒(tú )”裴(péi )松(sōng )之(zhī )注(zhù )引(yǐn )晋(jìn )袁(yuán )宏(hóng )《汉(hàn )纪(jì )》：“当(dāng )权(quán )宠(chǒng )之(zhī )盛(shèng )，或(huò )以(yǐ )同(tóng )异(yì )致(zhì )祸(huò )，滂(pāng )独(dú )中(zhōng )立(lì )于(yú )朝(cháo )，故(gù )爱(ài )憎(zēng )不(bú )及(jí )焉(yān )。”

《晋(jìn )书(shū )·王(wáng )彬(bīn )传(chuán )》：“江(jiāng )州(zhōu )当(dāng )人(rén )强(qiáng )盛(shèng )时(shí )，能(néng )立(lì )同(tóng )异(yì )，此(cǐ )非(fēi )常(cháng )人(rén )所(suǒ )及(jí )。”

《南(nán )齐(qí )书(shū )·徐(xú )孝(xiào )嗣(sì )传(chuán )》：“孝(xiào )嗣(sì )文(wén )人(rén )不(bú )显(xiǎn )同(tóng )异(yì )，名(míng )位(wèi )虽(suī )大(dà )，故(gù )得(dé )未(wèi )及(jí )祸(huò )。”

6.引(yǐn )申(shēn )指(zhǐ )有(yǒu )异(yì )志(zhì )，叛(pàn )乱(luàn )。

《宋(sòng )书(shū )·武(wǔ )帝(dì )纪(jì )下(xià )》：“谢(xiè )晦(huì )数(shù )从(cóng )征(zhēng )伐(fá )，颇(pō )识(shí )机(jī )变(biàn )，若(ruò )有(yǒu )同(tóng )异(yì )，必(bì )此(cǐ )人(rén )也(yě )。”

《南(nán )齐(qí )书(shū )·萧(xiāo )颖(yǐng )胄(zhòu )传(chuán )》：“时(shí )军(jūn )旅(lǚ )之(zhī )际(jì )，人(rén )情(qíng )未(wèi )安(ān )……张(zhāng )炽(chì )从(cóng )绛(jiàng )衫(shān )左(zuǒ )右(yòu )三(sān )十(shí )馀(yú )人(rén )，入(rù )千(qiān )秋(qiū )门(mén )，城(chéng )内(nèi )惊(jīng )恐(kǒng )，疑(yí )有(yǒu )同(tóng )异(yì )。”

7.指(zhǐ )异(yì )于(yú )己(jǐ )的(de )观(guān )点(diǎn )、见(jiàn )解(jiě )。

《新(xīn )唐(táng )书(shū )·儒(rú )学(xué )传(chuán )中(zhōng )·王(wáng )元(yuán )感(gǎn )》：“李(lǐ )宪(xiàn )等(děng )本(běn )章(zhāng )句(jù )家(jiā )，见(jiàn )元(yuán )感(gǎn )诋(dǐ )先(xiān )儒(rú )同(tóng )异(yì )，不(bú )怿(yì )，数(shù )沮(jǔ )诘(jié )其(qí )言(yán )。

元(yuán )感(gǎn )缘(yuán )罅(xià )申(shēn )释(shì )，竟(jìng )不(bú )诎(qū )。”

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●同异（简体版）